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Convertin dbnull to string

Author
13 Apr 2005 9:31 PM
40forty
Hello,

I am trying to insert a new datarow.  Everything works fine except for three
columns that have datetime data types.  I keep getting this error message
"System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object value)Couldn't store <>
in 'columnname' Column.  Expected type is DateTime."

Is there any way of converting a dbnull to string using vb.net?
Author
14 Apr 2005 12:04 AM
Val Mazur (MVP)
Hi,

DbNull is a special value and not an empty string. In a case of DateTime
datatype you cannot save empty string into this field, because it is not a
character data type. You have to store Null or valid date. Why do you need
to store an empty string? It is actually a great advantage to use Nulls
instead of empty strings, because you know for sure that field does not hold
a value in this case
--
Val Mazur
Microsoft MVP

http://xport.mvps.org



Show quoteHide quote
"40forty" <40fo***@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in message
news:DC3D8AB8-946E-4FEB-AFEE-A0138CEF9619@microsoft.com...
> Hello,
>
> I am trying to insert a new datarow.  Everything works fine except for
> three
> columns that have datetime data types.  I keep getting this error message
> "System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object value)Couldn't store
> <>
> in 'columnname' Column.  Expected type is DateTime."
>
> Is there any way of converting a dbnull to string using vb.net?
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Author
14 Apr 2005 12:46 AM
40forty
I am sorry, here is  my code:

dr = DS.Tables("UserAccount").NewRow
        dr.Item("UserName") = txtUsrName.Text
        dr.Item("EmailAddress") = txtEmailID.Text
        dr.Item("Name") = txtDscript.Text
        dr.Item("Directory") = txtDefaultDir.Text
        dr.Item("Account") = txtAccount.Text
        dr.Item("UIC") = txtUIC.Text
        dr.Item("ChargeBack") = txtChargeBack.Text
        dr.Item("DateCreated") = txtDtCreated.Text

        dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text   ---Here is where I get
the error

Additional information: System.FormatException: String was not recognized as
a valid DateTime.
   at System.DateTimeParse.Parse(String s, DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi,
DateTimeStyles styles)
   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider,
DateTimeStyles styles)
   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider)
   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(String value, IFormatProvider provider)
   at System.String.System.IConvertible.ToDateTime(IFormatProvider provider)
   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(Object value)
   at System.Data.Common.DateTimeStorage.Set(Int32 record, Object value)
   at System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object value)Couldn't
store <> in DateDeleted Column.  Expected type is DateTime.


How would I be able to convert the dbnull to a string?

Show quoteHide quote
"Val Mazur (MVP)" wrote:

> Hi,
>
> DbNull is a special value and not an empty string. In a case of DateTime
> datatype you cannot save empty string into this field, because it is not a
> character data type. You have to store Null or valid date. Why do you need
> to store an empty string? It is actually a great advantage to use Nulls
> instead of empty strings, because you know for sure that field does not hold
> a value in this case
> --
> Val Mazur
> Microsoft MVP
>
> http://xport.mvps.org
>
>
>
> "40forty" <40fo***@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in message
> news:DC3D8AB8-946E-4FEB-AFEE-A0138CEF9619@microsoft.com...
> > Hello,
> >
> > I am trying to insert a new datarow.  Everything works fine except for
> > three
> > columns that have datetime data types.  I keep getting this error message
> > "System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object value)Couldn't store
> > <>
> > in 'columnname' Column.  Expected type is DateTime."
> >
> > Is there any way of converting a dbnull to string using vb.net?
>
>
>
Author
14 Apr 2005 1:43 AM
Elton Wang
I think what you should do is to assign dbnull value to
row item when date value is empty. It's like:

If txtDtDeleted.Text.Trim.Equals("") Then
   dr.Item("DateDeleted") = DBNull.Value
Else
   dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text
EndIf

HTH

Elton Wang
elton_w***@hotmail.com

>-----Original Message-----
>I am sorry, here is  my code:
>
>dr = DS.Tables("UserAccount").NewRow
>        dr.Item("UserName") = txtUsrName.Text
>        dr.Item("EmailAddress") = txtEmailID.Text
>        dr.Item("Name") = txtDscript.Text
>        dr.Item("Directory") = txtDefaultDir.Text
>        dr.Item("Account") = txtAccount.Text
>        dr.Item("UIC") = txtUIC.Text
>        dr.Item("ChargeBack") = txtChargeBack.Text
>        dr.Item("DateCreated") = txtDtCreated.Text
>       
>        dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text   ---
Here is where I get
>the error
>
>Additional information: System.FormatException: String
was not recognized as
Show quoteHide quote
>a valid DateTime.
>   at System.DateTimeParse.Parse(String s,
DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi,
>DateTimeStyles styles)
>   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider
provider,
>DateTimeStyles styles)
>   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider
provider)
>   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(String value,
IFormatProvider provider)
>   at System.String.System.IConvertible.ToDateTime
(IFormatProvider provider)
>   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(Object value)
>   at System.Data.Common.DateTimeStorage.Set(Int32
record, Object value)
>   at System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record,
Object value)Couldn't
>store <> in DateDeleted Column.  Expected type is
DateTime.
>
>
>How would I be able to convert the dbnull to a string?
>
>"Val Mazur (MVP)" wrote:
>
>> Hi,
>>
>> DbNull is a special value and not an empty string. In a
case of DateTime
>> datatype you cannot save empty string into this field,
because it is not a
>> character data type. You have to store Null or valid
date. Why do you need
>> to store an empty string? It is actually a great
advantage to use Nulls
>> instead of empty strings, because you know for sure
that field does not hold
>> a value in this case
>> --
>> Val Mazur
>> Microsoft MVP
>>
>> http://xport.mvps.org
>>
>>
>>
>> "40forty" <40fo***@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in
message
>> news:DC3D8AB8-946E-4FEB-AFEE-
A0138CEF9***@microsoft.com...
>> > Hello,
>> >
>> > I am trying to insert a new datarow.  Everything
works fine except for
>> > three
>> > columns that have datetime data types.  I keep
getting this error message
>> > "System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object
value)Couldn't store
>> > <>
>> > in 'columnname' Column.  Expected type is DateTime."
>> >
>> > Is there any way of converting a dbnull to string
using vb.net?
Show quoteHide quote
>>
>>
>>
>.
>
Author
14 Apr 2005 4:09 PM
40forty
Elton wang, it worked, but I think I may be mis understood.  I will try this
again,  here is the code:

        dr = DS.Tables("UserAccount").NewRow
        dr.Item("UserName") = usrN
        dr.Item("EmailAddress") = emlAdd
        dr.Item("Name") = nm
        dr.Item("Directory") = dirt
        dr.Item("Account") = acc
        dr.Item("UIC") = uc
        dr.Item("ChargeBack") = cbk
        dr.Item("DateCreated") = dcr       Get the error
        dr.Item("DateDeleted") = ddl        Get the error
        dr.Item("VSADMINID") = vsminid
        dr.Item("VSADMINDelete") = vsminde   Get the error
        dr.Item("VSADMINCreate") = vsmindc   Get the error

        DS.Tables("UserAccount").Rows.Add(dr)
Everything works...so long as the user fills out these required text boxes. 
I f you leave the textboxes blank, you get the error messege

Additional information: System.FormatException: String was not recognized as
a valid DateTime.
   at System.DateTimeParse.Parse(String s, DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi,
DateTimeStyles styles)
   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider,
DateTimeStyles styles)
   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider)
   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(String value, IFormatProvider provider)
   at System.String.System.IConvertible.ToDateTime(IFormatProvider provider)
   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(Object value)
   at System.Data.Common.DateTimeStorage.Set(Int32 record, Object value)
   at System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object value)Couldn't
store <> in DateDeleted Column.  Expected type is DateTime.

I am trying to get the textboxes to insert whether I input data or leave it
blank.  Can anyone help me?
Show quoteHide quote
"Elton Wang" wrote:

> I think what you should do is to assign dbnull value to
> row item when date value is empty. It's like:
>
> If txtDtDeleted.Text.Trim.Equals("") Then
>    dr.Item("DateDeleted") = DBNull.Value
> Else
>    dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text
> EndIf
>
> HTH
>
> Elton Wang
> elton_w***@hotmail.com
>
> >-----Original Message-----
> >I am sorry, here is  my code:
> >
> >dr = DS.Tables("UserAccount").NewRow
> >        dr.Item("UserName") = txtUsrName.Text
> >        dr.Item("EmailAddress") = txtEmailID.Text
> >        dr.Item("Name") = txtDscript.Text
> >        dr.Item("Directory") = txtDefaultDir.Text
> >        dr.Item("Account") = txtAccount.Text
> >        dr.Item("UIC") = txtUIC.Text
> >        dr.Item("ChargeBack") = txtChargeBack.Text
> >        dr.Item("DateCreated") = txtDtCreated.Text
> >       
> >        dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text   ---
> Here is where I get
> >the error
> >
> >Additional information: System.FormatException: String
> was not recognized as
> >a valid DateTime.
> >   at System.DateTimeParse.Parse(String s,
> DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi,
> >DateTimeStyles styles)
> >   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider
> provider,
> >DateTimeStyles styles)
> >   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider
> provider)
> >   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(String value,
> IFormatProvider provider)
> >   at System.String.System.IConvertible.ToDateTime
> (IFormatProvider provider)
> >   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(Object value)
> >   at System.Data.Common.DateTimeStorage.Set(Int32
> record, Object value)
> >   at System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record,
> Object value)Couldn't
> >store <> in DateDeleted Column.  Expected type is
> DateTime.
> >
> >
> >How would I be able to convert the dbnull to a string?
> >
> >"Val Mazur (MVP)" wrote:
> >
> >> Hi,
> >>
> >> DbNull is a special value and not an empty string. In a
> case of DateTime
> >> datatype you cannot save empty string into this field,
> because it is not a
> >> character data type. You have to store Null or valid
> date. Why do you need
> >> to store an empty string? It is actually a great
> advantage to use Nulls
> >> instead of empty strings, because you know for sure
> that field does not hold
> >> a value in this case
> >> --
> >> Val Mazur
> >> Microsoft MVP
> >>
> >> http://xport.mvps.org
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> "40forty" <40fo***@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in
> message
> >> news:DC3D8AB8-946E-4FEB-AFEE-
> A0138CEF9***@microsoft.com...
> >> > Hello,
> >> >
> >> > I am trying to insert a new datarow.  Everything
> works fine except for
> >> > three
> >> > columns that have datetime data types.  I keep
> getting this error message
> >> > "System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object
> value)Couldn't store
> >> > <>
> >> > in 'columnname' Column.  Expected type is DateTime."
> >> >
> >> > Is there any way of converting a dbnull to string
> using vb.net?
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >.
> >
>
Author
15 Apr 2005 1:09 AM
Val Mazur (MVP)
Hi As Elton suggested before assigning of the value to the DateTime field,
check if it is an empty string or not or you could check if it is a date and
if it is not, then assign Null, like

if isdate(dcr) then
    dr.Item("DateCreated") = dcr
else
    dr.Item("DateCreated")=DbNull.Value
Endif

--
Val Mazur
Microsoft MVP

http://xport.mvps.org



Show quoteHide quote
"40forty" <40fo***@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in message
news:1CF061A9-0CB3-4BD0-9A56-0769ECAB60B0@microsoft.com...
> Elton wang, it worked, but I think I may be mis understood.  I will try
> this
> again,  here is the code:
>
>        dr = DS.Tables("UserAccount").NewRow
>        dr.Item("UserName") = usrN
>        dr.Item("EmailAddress") = emlAdd
>        dr.Item("Name") = nm
>        dr.Item("Directory") = dirt
>        dr.Item("Account") = acc
>        dr.Item("UIC") = uc
>        dr.Item("ChargeBack") = cbk
>        dr.Item("DateCreated") = dcr       Get the error
>        dr.Item("DateDeleted") = ddl        Get the error
>        dr.Item("VSADMINID") = vsminid
>        dr.Item("VSADMINDelete") = vsminde   Get the error
>        dr.Item("VSADMINCreate") = vsmindc   Get the error
>
>        DS.Tables("UserAccount").Rows.Add(dr)
> Everything works...so long as the user fills out these required text
> boxes.
> I f you leave the textboxes blank, you get the error messege
>
> Additional information: System.FormatException: String was not recognized
> as
> a valid DateTime.
>   at System.DateTimeParse.Parse(String s, DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi,
> DateTimeStyles styles)
>   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider,
> DateTimeStyles styles)
>   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider)
>   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(String value, IFormatProvider provider)
>   at System.String.System.IConvertible.ToDateTime(IFormatProvider
> provider)
>   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(Object value)
>   at System.Data.Common.DateTimeStorage.Set(Int32 record, Object value)
>   at System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object value)Couldn't
> store <> in DateDeleted Column.  Expected type is DateTime.
>
> I am trying to get the textboxes to insert whether I input data or leave
> it
> blank.  Can anyone help me?
> "Elton Wang" wrote:
>
>> I think what you should do is to assign dbnull value to
>> row item when date value is empty. It's like:
>>
>> If txtDtDeleted.Text.Trim.Equals("") Then
>>    dr.Item("DateDeleted") = DBNull.Value
>> Else
>>    dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text
>> EndIf
>>
>> HTH
>>
>> Elton Wang
>> elton_w***@hotmail.com
>>
>> >-----Original Message-----
>> >I am sorry, here is  my code:
>> >
>> >dr = DS.Tables("UserAccount").NewRow
>> >        dr.Item("UserName") = txtUsrName.Text
>> >        dr.Item("EmailAddress") = txtEmailID.Text
>> >        dr.Item("Name") = txtDscript.Text
>> >        dr.Item("Directory") = txtDefaultDir.Text
>> >        dr.Item("Account") = txtAccount.Text
>> >        dr.Item("UIC") = txtUIC.Text
>> >        dr.Item("ChargeBack") = txtChargeBack.Text
>> >        dr.Item("DateCreated") = txtDtCreated.Text
>> >
>> >        dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text   ---
>> Here is where I get
>> >the error
>> >
>> >Additional information: System.FormatException: String
>> was not recognized as
>> >a valid DateTime.
>> >   at System.DateTimeParse.Parse(String s,
>> DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi,
>> >DateTimeStyles styles)
>> >   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider
>> provider,
>> >DateTimeStyles styles)
>> >   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider
>> provider)
>> >   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(String value,
>> IFormatProvider provider)
>> >   at System.String.System.IConvertible.ToDateTime
>> (IFormatProvider provider)
>> >   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(Object value)
>> >   at System.Data.Common.DateTimeStorage.Set(Int32
>> record, Object value)
>> >   at System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record,
>> Object value)Couldn't
>> >store <> in DateDeleted Column.  Expected type is
>> DateTime.
>> >
>> >
>> >How would I be able to convert the dbnull to a string?
>> >
>> >"Val Mazur (MVP)" wrote:
>> >
>> >> Hi,
>> >>
>> >> DbNull is a special value and not an empty string. In a
>> case of DateTime
>> >> datatype you cannot save empty string into this field,
>> because it is not a
>> >> character data type. You have to store Null or valid
>> date. Why do you need
>> >> to store an empty string? It is actually a great
>> advantage to use Nulls
>> >> instead of empty strings, because you know for sure
>> that field does not hold
>> >> a value in this case
>> >> --
>> >> Val Mazur
>> >> Microsoft MVP
>> >>
>> >> http://xport.mvps.org
>> >>
>> >>
>> >>
>> >> "40forty" <40fo***@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in
>> message
>> >> news:DC3D8AB8-946E-4FEB-AFEE-
>> A0138CEF9***@microsoft.com...
>> >> > Hello,
>> >> >
>> >> > I am trying to insert a new datarow.  Everything
>> works fine except for
>> >> > three
>> >> > columns that have datetime data types.  I keep
>> getting this error message
>> >> > "System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object
>> value)Couldn't store
>> >> > <>
>> >> > in 'columnname' Column.  Expected type is DateTime."
>> >> >
>> >> > Is there any way of converting a dbnull to string
>> using vb.net?
>> >>
>> >>
>> >>
>> >.
>> >
>>
Author
15 Apr 2005 5:38 AM
40forty
Val,
Thanks that did the trick.
________________________________________________________________

Show quoteHide quote
"Val Mazur (MVP)" wrote:

> Hi As Elton suggested before assigning of the value to the DateTime field,
> check if it is an empty string or not or you could check if it is a date and
> if it is not, then assign Null, like
>
> if isdate(dcr) then
>     dr.Item("DateCreated") = dcr
> else
>     dr.Item("DateCreated")=DbNull.Value
> Endif
>
> --
> Val Mazur
> Microsoft MVP
>
> http://xport.mvps.org
>
>
>
> "40forty" <40fo***@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in message
> news:1CF061A9-0CB3-4BD0-9A56-0769ECAB60B0@microsoft.com...
> > Elton wang, it worked, but I think I may be mis understood.  I will try
> > this
> > again,  here is the code:
> >
> >        dr = DS.Tables("UserAccount").NewRow
> >        dr.Item("UserName") = usrN
> >        dr.Item("EmailAddress") = emlAdd
> >        dr.Item("Name") = nm
> >        dr.Item("Directory") = dirt
> >        dr.Item("Account") = acc
> >        dr.Item("UIC") = uc
> >        dr.Item("ChargeBack") = cbk
> >        dr.Item("DateCreated") = dcr       Get the error
> >        dr.Item("DateDeleted") = ddl        Get the error
> >        dr.Item("VSADMINID") = vsminid
> >        dr.Item("VSADMINDelete") = vsminde   Get the error
> >        dr.Item("VSADMINCreate") = vsmindc   Get the error
> >
> >        DS.Tables("UserAccount").Rows.Add(dr)
> > Everything works...so long as the user fills out these required text
> > boxes.
> > I f you leave the textboxes blank, you get the error messege
> >
> > Additional information: System.FormatException: String was not recognized
> > as
> > a valid DateTime.
> >   at System.DateTimeParse.Parse(String s, DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi,
> > DateTimeStyles styles)
> >   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider,
> > DateTimeStyles styles)
> >   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider)
> >   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(String value, IFormatProvider provider)
> >   at System.String.System.IConvertible.ToDateTime(IFormatProvider
> > provider)
> >   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(Object value)
> >   at System.Data.Common.DateTimeStorage.Set(Int32 record, Object value)
> >   at System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object value)Couldn't
> > store <> in DateDeleted Column.  Expected type is DateTime.
> >
> > I am trying to get the textboxes to insert whether I input data or leave
> > it
> > blank.  Can anyone help me?
> > "Elton Wang" wrote:
> >
> >> I think what you should do is to assign dbnull value to
> >> row item when date value is empty. It's like:
> >>
> >> If txtDtDeleted.Text.Trim.Equals("") Then
> >>    dr.Item("DateDeleted") = DBNull.Value
> >> Else
> >>    dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text
> >> EndIf
> >>
> >> HTH
> >>
> >> Elton Wang
> >> elton_w***@hotmail.com
> >>
> >> >-----Original Message-----
> >> >I am sorry, here is  my code:
> >> >
> >> >dr = DS.Tables("UserAccount").NewRow
> >> >        dr.Item("UserName") = txtUsrName.Text
> >> >        dr.Item("EmailAddress") = txtEmailID.Text
> >> >        dr.Item("Name") = txtDscript.Text
> >> >        dr.Item("Directory") = txtDefaultDir.Text
> >> >        dr.Item("Account") = txtAccount.Text
> >> >        dr.Item("UIC") = txtUIC.Text
> >> >        dr.Item("ChargeBack") = txtChargeBack.Text
> >> >        dr.Item("DateCreated") = txtDtCreated.Text
> >> >
> >> >        dr.Item("DateDeleted") = txtDtDeleted.Text   ---
> >> Here is where I get
> >> >the error
> >> >
> >> >Additional information: System.FormatException: String
> >> was not recognized as
> >> >a valid DateTime.
> >> >   at System.DateTimeParse.Parse(String s,
> >> DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi,
> >> >DateTimeStyles styles)
> >> >   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider
> >> provider,
> >> >DateTimeStyles styles)
> >> >   at System.DateTime.Parse(String s, IFormatProvider
> >> provider)
> >> >   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(String value,
> >> IFormatProvider provider)
> >> >   at System.String.System.IConvertible.ToDateTime
> >> (IFormatProvider provider)
> >> >   at System.Convert.ToDateTime(Object value)
> >> >   at System.Data.Common.DateTimeStorage.Set(Int32
> >> record, Object value)
> >> >   at System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record,
> >> Object value)Couldn't
> >> >store <> in DateDeleted Column.  Expected type is
> >> DateTime.
> >> >
> >> >
> >> >How would I be able to convert the dbnull to a string?
> >> >
> >> >"Val Mazur (MVP)" wrote:
> >> >
> >> >> Hi,
> >> >>
> >> >> DbNull is a special value and not an empty string. In a
> >> case of DateTime
> >> >> datatype you cannot save empty string into this field,
> >> because it is not a
> >> >> character data type. You have to store Null or valid
> >> date. Why do you need
> >> >> to store an empty string? It is actually a great
> >> advantage to use Nulls
> >> >> instead of empty strings, because you know for sure
> >> that field does not hold
> >> >> a value in this case
> >> >> --
> >> >> Val Mazur
> >> >> Microsoft MVP
> >> >>
> >> >> http://xport.mvps.org
> >> >>
> >> >>
> >> >>
> >> >> "40forty" <40fo***@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in
> >> message
> >> >> news:DC3D8AB8-946E-4FEB-AFEE-
> >> A0138CEF9***@microsoft.com...
> >> >> > Hello,
> >> >> >
> >> >> > I am trying to insert a new datarow.  Everything
> >> works fine except for
> >> >> > three
> >> >> > columns that have datetime data types.  I keep
> >> getting this error message
> >> >> > "System.Data.DataColumn.set_Item(Int32 record, Object
> >> value)Couldn't store
> >> >> > <>
> >> >> > in 'columnname' Column.  Expected type is DateTime."
> >> >> >
> >> >> > Is there any way of converting a dbnull to string
> >> using vb.net?
> >> >>
> >> >>
> >> >>
> >> >.
> >> >
> >>
>
>
>

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